What are Protected Classes?

Protected classes—also referred to as protected characteristics—are defined under federal anti-discrimination laws and enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). While most often discussed in the workplace, these protections also apply to areas like housing and education.

What Are Considered Protected Classes?

Under federal law, protected classes include:

• Race
• Color
• Religion
• Sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity)
• National origin
• Age (40 and older)
• Disability
• Genetic information (including family medical history)

Additional protections may apply in certain situations, including military service, citizenship, or immigration status. It’s also important to note that many states—and even local municipalities—have expanded protections beyond federal law.

Why Protected Classes Matter in the Workplace

Employers have broad discretion when making hiring, promotion, and employment decisions—but those decisions cannot be based on an individual’s membership in a protected class.

For example, it is unlawful to make employment decisions based on someone’s age, religion, sexual orientation, or national origin. Even unintentional bias or inconsistent practices can lead to compliance risks.

How Employers Can Stay Compliant

The most effective way to avoid discrimination claims is to ensure all employment decisions are:

• Job-related
• Consistently applied
• Well-documented

Clear policies and manager training go a long way in reducing risk and creating a fair, inclusive workplace.

We also recommend including a current list of protected classes in your  employee handbook so employees and managers understand expectations and rights. (Need a refresher? Check out our guide to building a strong employee handbook.)

Stay Ahead of Changing Regulations

Employment laws continue to evolve, especially at the state and local level. Regularly reviewing your policies and practices helps ensure compliance—and protects your business.

Looking for more HR help? Learn more about our HR Consulting services.

Content provided by Ahola’s HR Support Center

This article was last reviewed and updated in April 2026.